PROCESS- MAKING PAPER (SIMON AND MY CHANGES)

The flow chart shows how waste paper is recycled. It is evident that there are 6 distinct stages in the process, from the initial collection of waste paper to the eventual production of usable paper/ which begins with the collection of waste paper, and ends at the manufacturing stage.

At the first stage in the process, waste paper is collected either from paper banks or from businesses. This paper is then sorted manually and separated according to its grade. During the stage, paper which is not suitable for recycling is removed. Next, the graded paper is transported to a paper mill.

Stages four and five of the process involve cleaning and de-inking. The paper is cleaned and pulped, and foreign objects such as staples have to be taken out. Once the cleaning and de-inking processes have been completed, the glues and inks left on the paper are removed. Finally, the pulped paper can be processed in a paper making machine, which produces/makes the finished product/the end product: usable paper.

Finally, a paper-making machine is used to process the pulped paper to make the finished product: usable paper.

PIE CHART YEMEN - ITALY (SIMON-BAND 9)

The pie charts compare the proportions of people falling into three distinct age groups in
Yemen and Italy in two different years.

It is clear that Italy had the older population in the year 2000, and that the same is
predicted for the year 2050. The populations of both countries are expected to age over
the fifty-year period.

In the year 2000, just over half of the population of Yemen was aged 14 or under, while
most Italians (61.6%) fell into the 15 to 59 age group, and only 14.3% were children under
15 years of age. People aged 60 or over accounted for almost a quarter of the Italian
population, but only 3.6% of the inhabitants of Yemen.

By 2050, the proportion of children under 15 is predicted to drop in both countries, most
noticeably in Yemen where the figure is expected to fall by 13.1%. On the other hand, the
figures for elderly people are expected to rise, by 2.1% in Yemen and a massive 18.2% in
Italy. Finally, it is anticipated that the 15 to 59 age group will grow by around 10% in
Yemen, but shrink by around 15% in Italy.

PIE CHART (YEMEN VS ITALY - CAM 9)

The pie charts compare the proportions of people falling into three distinct age groups in Yemen and Italy in two selected years: 2000 and 2050.

 Overall, it is evident that in 2000 the percentage of 15-59 year olds was highest in Italy, as was the figure for 0-14 year-old people in Yemen. In 2050, it is expected that there were more people aged over the fifty period than those of other age groups.

Specifically, in 2000, over 60% of Italians were reported to be in the 15-59 age group compared to 15% of 0-14 year olds, who occupied up to half of the Yemen’s population. Another striking difference lies in the percentages of 60+ year old people in Italy and Yemen, with one fourth of the formers population and only 3.6% of the latter’s aging 60 and over.

 By 2050, the proportion of those aged 15 and over is expected to be almost 90% of Italy’s population compared to the remaining portion of 0-14 year olds (11%). In Yemen, both the figures for 15-59 year olds and 60+ year olds are projected to grow significantly to slightly under 60% and under 6% accordingly, whereas a fall from 50% to 37% is predicted in 0-14 year old population figures.

mixed charts

The pie chart and the table reveal major factors degrading land on a global scale and the proportions of degraded land in 3 different regions.

Overall, it is clear from the pie chart that among 3 principal reasons for degraded land, over-grazing leads to the largest percentage of land degradation. From the table, it can be seen that Europe had a far higher proportion of unproductive land than the other two regions in the 1990s.

More specifically, 35% of land became degraded due to over-grazing. Similar proportions of land were degraded by over-cultivation and deforestation: 28% and 30% respectively. By comparison, other causes resulted in merely 7% of global land degradation.

In terms of land degradation by region, up to 10% of European land turned less productive as it was deforested compared to 0.2% in North America and approximately 2% in Oceania. This area also had by far the highest proportion of over cultivated land (nearly 8%), twofold higher than the figure for North America.

Although Oceania land was not influenced by this factor, it was far more degraded by over-grazing than any other area, with more than 11% of land becoming unproductive because of this problem.

Totally, while degraded land percentages in Europe were just under 25%, the figure for North America was reported to be merely 5%. 

NATIVE PARAPHRASE (SPEAKING)

NATIVE PARAPHRASES

1. university opens up a host of new opportunities

2. It’s best not talk to British academics about their job satisfaction at the moment; if you’re lucky they will sigh and roll their eyes at you, if unlucky they will explain exactly how stressed and unhappy they are,

3. It’s best not talk to British academics about their job satisfaction at the moment; if you’re lucky they will sigh and roll their eyes at you, if unlucky they will explain exactly how stressed and unhappy they are

1. The freedom. What a luxury to have your salary paid from core funds and to be able to research what interests you, take on external jobs that you’d like to do, wear what you like (within reason!), develop and deliver interesting courses to passionate students, go to meetings and conferences about things that interest you, and plan your work time flexibly to address your own work priorities. You are trusted to forge your own path, and judged according to whether your peers, students and wider society are excited by what you are offering.

2. The students. Teaching and mentoring the inspirational future leaders of the field, sharing exciting ideas and enthusiasm for the subject with students and researchers at a range of career stages, working with them to develop and carry out new research and gain new insights. I love being part of students’ development as scientists, supporting them in honing their skills and ideas, and then seeing them succeed in the wider world.

3. The environment. It’s exciting to collaborate with people who I admire, developing new ways of thinking, particularly interdisciplinary projects when I can be stretched by understanding their perspectives and analytical tools. I also think I’m well paid, well supported and that universities try hard to recognise the constraints of childcare and other barriers to success. Being judged on outputs rather than inputs has its downsides but it does also mean you can step your research intensity up or down for a few months according to what else is going on in your life.

5. a long tough road

FOOTBALL -SPEAKING

TO BE SENT OFF FOR ARGUING WITH THE REFREE

TO REFREE THE FINAL

TO SHOW RED/YELLOW CARD

Of all the sports I like, I am really into football, which brings me a sense of discipline and team spirit.

As a matter of fact, I do not play this kind of sport very often, I only participate in the competition for the Town Cup in my hometown once a year. In this game, my father often referees the final. When he shows a yellow card, we know that we have done something wrong, or something which is not allowed by the rules. Yet I used to be sent off for arguing with him over his decision some years ago. It is normal, he now says, in the court, you are the player and I control the game. With this manner, he makes discipline become natural.

My mother is the coach of my team, who let us knows that a victory can only be built by the whole team, not by one individual_s performance. She really connects us.

As well as football teaches me these things, I suppose that I am still a huge fan of this sport.

A BAN ON SMOKING - ESSAY

Some businesses now say that no-one can smoke cigarettes in any of their offices. Some governments have banned smoking in all public places. However, others argue that, without smoking, people and especially the economy will suffer form a lot of negative effects.

Smoking has been prohibited in public areas and workplaces. Nevertheless, it is argued that a ban on smoking will affect people and the economy negatively. Personally, although I admit that there may be such problems, I assume that the prohibition of smoking is absolutely necessary.

Obviously, people in certain professions are used to smoking daily as cigarettes make them alert and focused. For example, artists who need inspiration and creativity for their new artworks often light a cigarette before starting to work. This explains why some painters and writers are often seen puffing their cigars beside their sketches and drafts. Without smoking, a lot of other people and the economy suffer, too. As tobacco plantations are abandoned, workers lose jobs and advertising agencies lose their loyal customers. Governments’ revenues from business income taxes decline dramatically, which may place a bad impact on the development of the economy and the country.

Despite all of the anticipating threats, I would contend that if smoking is not banned, the problems it causes to people’s health and finance and the economy will become irreversible. Specifically, serious health implications such as lung cancer, diabetes and heart diseases are linked in part to smoking. Although smoking may make you feel temporarily perky, in the long term it apparently reduces your work productivity and shortens your working lives due to its negative effects on your health. Finally, this is a financially-consuming habit because the price of a packet of cigarettes increases regularly. In fact, a heavy smoker may spend up to one third of his income on cigarettes every month.

In conclusion, it seems to me that although there are some possible threats posed to people and the economy after the prohibition of smoking is applied, I am still in favor of this action. 

AN ESSAY ON CREDIT CARDS (ADS VS DISADS)

Nowadays it is easy to apply for and be given a credit card. However, some people experience problems when they are not be able to pay their debts back. In your opinion, do the advantages of credit cards outweigh the disadvantages?

It is true that in contemporary times, applications for credit card are approved quite quickly, leading to some peoples huge debts which they cannot pay off. Personally, the drawbacks of credit cards outweigh the benefits.

Unquestionably, credit cards offer convenience, and comfort especially when you are in an emergency and can be beneficial to the whole economy. Specifically, just like a loan, a credit card provides users with immediate access to money. It is absolutely useful for long holidays or shopping trips. Credit cards also encourage people to spend money, which directly stimulates consumer demands. This is of great value to the market and economy as more supply is needed and more jobs are likely to be created.

Despite the advantages mentioned above, I would contend that the anticipated problems of credit cards are far more considerable. Firstly, as people may use overdraft facilities offered by banks, they may spend much more than they have and become heavily indebted. When debts build up and people are plunged into real financial difficulties, everyone suffers: those in debt lose their houses, and the banks lose money. The maintenance of family happiness can be handicapped by these debts, too. In fact, debts resulting from credit cards are linked in part to a number of marital difficulties and broken homes.

In conclusion, from all of the arguments presented, I am strongly convinced that although credit cards are advantageous to users to some certain extent, the disadvantages are worth more consideration.